Difference between revisions of "Sounds of Navajo"
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| − | Here is an introduction to the sound system of Navajo. | + | Here is an introduction to the phonemic sound system of Navajo, in the Navajo orthography and International Phonetic Alphabet (in backslashes). |
==Vowels== | ==Vowels== | ||
| − | === | + | ===[[Monophthongs]]=== |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; border="1" cellpadding="3" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; border="1" cellpadding="3" | ||
! rowspan=2 | | ! rowspan=2 | | ||
| − | ! colspan="4" |Front | + | ! colspan="4" |[[Monophthongs#Front|Front]] |
| − | ! colspan="4" |Back | + | ! colspan="4" |[[Monophthongs#Back|Back]] |
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" |Oral | ! colspan="2" |Oral | ||
| Line 14: | Line 14: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!align="left"|High | !align="left"|High | ||
| − | | | + | |[[Monophthongs#i .2F.C9.AA.2F|i /i/]] |
| − | |iː | + | |[[Monophthongs#ii .2Fi.CB.90.2F|ii /iː/]] |
| − | |ɪ̃ | + | |[[Monophthongs#.C4.AF .2F.C9.AA.CC.83.2F|į /ɪ̃/]] |
| − | |ĩː | + | |[[Monophthongs#.C4.AF .2F.C4.A9.CB.90.2F|įį /ĩː/]] |
| align="center" | | | align="center" | | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 24: | Line 24: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! align="left" |Mid | ! align="left" |Mid | ||
| − | |e | + | |[[Monophthongs#e .2Fe.2F|e /e/]] |
| − | |eː | + | |[[Monophthongs#e .2Fe.CB.90.2F|e /eː/]] |
| − | |ẽ | + | |[[Monophthongs#.C4.99 .2F.E1.BA.BD.2F|ę /ẽ/]] |
| − | |ẽː | + | |[[Monophthongs#.C4.99.C4.99 .2F.E1.BA.BD.CB.90.2F|ęę /ẽː/]] |
| − | |o | + | |[[Monophthongs#o .2Fo.2F|o /o/]] |
| − | |oː | + | |[[Monophthongs#oo .2Fo.CB.90.2F|oo /oː/]] |
| − | | align="center" |õ | + | | align="center" |[[Monophthongs#.C7.AB .2F.C3.B5.2F|ǫ /õ/]] |
| − | |õː | + | |[[Monophthongs#.C7.AB.C7.AB .2F.C3.B5.CB.90.2F|ǫǫ /õː/]] |
|- | |- | ||
! align="left" |Low | ! align="left" |Low | ||
| Line 38: | Line 38: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| − | |ɑ | + | |[[Monophthongs#a .2F.C9.91.2F|a /ɑ/]] |
| − | |ɑː | + | |[[Monophthongs#aa .2F.C9.91.CB.90.2F|aa /ɑː/]] |
| − | |ɑ̃ | + | |[[Monophthongs#.C4.85 .2F.C9.91.CC.83.2F|ą /ɑ̃/]] |
| − | |ɑ̃ː | + | |[[Monophthongs#.C4.85.C4.85 .2F.C9.91.CC.83.CB.90.2F|ąą /ɑ̃ː/]] |
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
| − | + | ===[[Diphthongs]]=== | |
| − | |||
| − | ===Diphthongs=== | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; border=" cellpadding="3" 1" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; border=" cellpadding="3" 1" | ||
! rowspan="2" | | ! rowspan="2" | | ||
| − | !Front | + | ![[Diphthongs#Front|Front]] |
| − | ! colspan="2" |Back | + | ! colspan="2" |[[Diphthongs#Back|Back]] |
|- | |- | ||
!Vɪ̯ | !Vɪ̯ | ||
| Line 59: | Line 57: | ||
! align="left" |High | ! align="left" |High | ||
| | | | ||
| − | | rowspan="2" align="center" | | + | | rowspan="2" align="center" |[[Diphthongs#oi .2F.CA.8A.C9.AA.CC.AF.2F|oi /ʊɪ̯/]] |
| align="center" | | | align="center" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! align="left" |Mid | ! align="left" |Mid | ||
| − | |eɪ̯ | + | |[[Diphthongs#ei .2Fe.C9.AA.CC.AF.2F|ei /eɪ̯/]] |
| align="center" | | | align="center" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! align="left" |Low | ! align="left" |Low | ||
| | | | ||
| − | |ɑɪ̯ | + | |[[Diphthongs#ai .2F.C9.91.C9.AA.CC.AF.2F|ai /ɑɪ̯/]] |
| − | |ɑo̯ | + | |[[Diphthongs#ao .2F.C9.91o.CC.AF.2F|ao /ɑo̯/]] |
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
==Consonants== | ==Consonants== | ||
| Line 91: | Line 87: | ||
!Labialized | !Labialized | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | ! colspan="2" align="left" |Nasal | + | ! colspan="2" align="left" |[[Nasal]] |
| − | |align="center"|m | + | |align="center"|[[Nasal#m .2Fm.2F|m /m/]] |
| − | |align="center"|n | + | |align="center"|[[Nasal#m .2Fm.2F|n /n/]] |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 100: | Line 96: | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | ! rowspan="3" |Stop | + | ! rowspan="3" |[[Stop]] |
!Unaspirated | !Unaspirated | ||
| − | |p | + | |[[Stop#b .2Fp.2F|b /p/]] |
| − | |t | + | |[[Stop#d .2Ft.2F|d /t/]] |
| − | |tɬ | + | |[[Stop#dl .2Ft.C9.AC.2F|dl /tɬ/]] |
| − | |ʦ | + | |[[Stop#dz .2F.CA.A6.2F|dz /ʦ/]] |
| − | |ʧ | + | |[[Stop#j .2F.CA.A7.2F|j /ʧ/]] |
| − | |k | + | |[[Stop#g .2Fk.2F|g /k/]] |
| | | | ||
| − | |ʔ | + | |[[Stop#.CA.BC .2F.CA.94.2F|ʼ /ʔ/]] |
|- | |- | ||
!Aspirated | !Aspirated | ||
| | | | ||
| − | |tˣ | + | |[[Stop#t .2Ft.CB.A3.2F|t /tˣ/]] |
| − | |tɬʰ | + | |[[Stop#t.C5.82 .2Ft.C9.AC.CA.B0.2F|tł /tɬʰ/]] |
| − | |ʦʰ | + | |[[Stop#ts .2F.CA.A6.CA.B0.2F|ts /ʦʰ/]] |
| − | |ʧʰ | + | |[[Stop#ch .2F.CA.A7.CA.B0.2F|ch /ʧʰ/]] |
| − | |kˣ | + | |[[Stop#k .2Fk.CB.A3.2F|k /kˣ/]] |
| − | |kʷˣ | + | |[[Stop#kw .2Fk.CA.B7.CB.A3.2F|kw /kʷˣ/]] |
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Ejective | !Ejective | ||
| | | | ||
| − | |tʼ | + | |[[Stop#t.CA.BC .2Ft.CA.BC.2F|tʼ /tʼ/]] |
| − | | | + | |[[Stop#t.C5.82.CA.BC .2Ft.C9.AC.CA.BC.2F|tłʼ /tɬʼ/]] |
| − | |ʦʼ | + | |[[Stop#ts.CA.BC .2F.CA.A6.CA.BC.2F|tsʼ /ʦʼ/]] |
| − | |ʧʼ | + | |[[Stop#ch .2F.CA.A7.CA.B0.2F|chʼ /ʧʼ/]] |
| − | |kʼ | + | |[[Stop#k.CA.BC .2Fk.CA.BC.2F|kʼ /kʼ/]] |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | ! rowspan="2" align="left" |Fricative | + | ! rowspan="2" align="left" |[[Fricative]] |
!Voiceless | !Voiceless | ||
| align="center" | | | align="center" | | ||
| − | |s | + | |[[Fricative#s .2Fs.2F|s /s/]] |
| − | |ɬ | + | |[[Fricative#.C5.82 .2F.C9.AC.2F|ł /ɬ/]] |
| align="center" | | | align="center" | | ||
| − | | align="center" |ʃ | + | | align="center" |[[Fricative#sh .2F.CA.83.2F|sh /ʃ/]] |
| − | | align="center" |x | + | | align="center" |[[Fricative#h.2C x .2Fx.2F|h, x /x/]] |
| − | |xʷ | + | |[[Fricative#hw .2Fx.CA.B7.2F|hw /xʷ/]] |
| align="center" | | | align="center" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Voiced | !Voiced | ||
| | | | ||
| − | |z | + | |[[Fricative#z .2Fz.2F|z /z/]] |
| − | | rowspan="2" |l | + | | rowspan="2" |[[Approximant#l .2F.C9.AE.7El.2F|l /ɮ~l/]] |
| | | | ||
| − | |ʒ | + | |[[Fricative#zh .2F.CA.92.2F|zh /ʒ/]] |
| − | | rowspan="2" |ɣ | + | | rowspan="2" |[[Approximant#gh .2F.C9.A3.2F|gh /ɣ/]] |
| − | | rowspan="2" |ɣʷ | + | | rowspan="2" |[[Approximant#w .2F.C9.A3.CA.B7.7Ew.2F|w /ɣʷ~w/]] |
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | ! colspan="2" align="left" |Approximant | + | ! colspan="2" align="left" |[[Approximant]] |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| align="center" | | | align="center" | | ||
| − | | align="center" |j | + | | align="center" |[[Approximant#y .2Fj.2F|y /j/]] |
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
| − | |||
==See Also== | ==See Also== | ||
| + | Return to: [[Main Page]], [[Íiyisíí Naaltsoos]] | ||
==External Links== | ==External Links== | ||
| − | *http://www.sas.rochester.edu/lin/DeneSpeechAtlas/ | + | *[http://www.sas.rochester.edu/lin/DeneSpeechAtlas/ Dene Speech Atlas | Joyce McDonough (rochester.edu)] |
| + | *[[wikipedia:Navajo_phonology|Navajo phonology - Wikipedia]] | ||
| + | *[http://emeld.org/school/case/navajo/phonology.html E-MELD School of Best Practice: Navajo Phonology (emeld.org)] | ||
| + | *[https://www.swarthmore.edu/SocSci/tfernal1/nla/grammar/Chapter%20%202%20%20The%20Sounds.pdf Navajo Grammar, Chapter 2: The Sounds (swarthmore.edu)] | ||
* | * | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
| − | - Dene Speech Atlas | + | McDonough, Joyce Mary. 2003. ''The Navajo Sound System''. Boston: Springer Science & Business Media. (https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-94-010-0207-3) |
| + | |||
| + | McDonough, Joyce. 2014. Dene Speech Atlas. ''University of Rochester, Department of Linguistics''. (http://www.sas.rochester.edu/lin/DeneSpeechAtlas/) | ||
[[Category: Phonology]] | [[Category: Phonology]] | ||
[[Category: Phonetics]] | [[Category: Phonetics]] | ||
kʼadígíí (06:34, 15 Tʼą́ą́chil 2022)
Here is an introduction to the phonemic sound system of Navajo, in the Navajo orthography and International Phonetic Alphabet (in backslashes).
Vowels
Monophthongs
| Front | Back | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oral | Nasal | Oral | Nasal | |||||
| High | i /i/ | ii /iː/ | į /ɪ̃/ | įį /ĩː/ | ||||
| Mid | e /e/ | e /eː/ | ę /ẽ/ | ęę /ẽː/ | o /o/ | oo /oː/ | ǫ /õ/ | ǫǫ /õː/ |
| Low | a /ɑ/ | aa /ɑː/ | ą /ɑ̃/ | ąą /ɑ̃ː/ | ||||
Diphthongs
| Front | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Vɪ̯ | Vɪ̯ | Vo̯ | |
| High | oi /ʊɪ̯/ | ||
| Mid | ei /eɪ̯/ | ||
| Low | ai /ɑɪ̯/ | ao /ɑo̯/ | |
Consonants
Inventory
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plain | Lateral | Affricate | Plain | Labialized | |||||
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | |||||||
| Stop | Unaspirated | b /p/ | d /t/ | dl /tɬ/ | dz /ʦ/ | j /ʧ/ | g /k/ | ʼ /ʔ/ | |
| Aspirated | t /tˣ/ | tł /tɬʰ/ | ts /ʦʰ/ | ch /ʧʰ/ | k /kˣ/ | kw /kʷˣ/ | |||
| Ejective | tʼ /tʼ/ | tłʼ /tɬʼ/ | tsʼ /ʦʼ/ | chʼ /ʧʼ/ | kʼ /kʼ/ | ||||
| Fricative | Voiceless | s /s/ | ł /ɬ/ | sh /ʃ/ | h, x /x/ | hw /xʷ/ | |||
| Voiced | z /z/ | l /ɮ~l/ | zh /ʒ/ | gh /ɣ/ | w /ɣʷ~w/ | ||||
| Approximant | y /j/ | ||||||||
See Also
Return to: Main Page, Íiyisíí Naaltsoos
External Links
- Dene Speech Atlas | Joyce McDonough (rochester.edu)
- Navajo phonology - Wikipedia
- E-MELD School of Best Practice: Navajo Phonology (emeld.org)
- Navajo Grammar, Chapter 2: The Sounds (swarthmore.edu)
References
McDonough, Joyce Mary. 2003. The Navajo Sound System. Boston: Springer Science & Business Media. (https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-94-010-0207-3)
McDonough, Joyce. 2014. Dene Speech Atlas. University of Rochester, Department of Linguistics. (http://www.sas.rochester.edu/lin/DeneSpeechAtlas/)