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Line 1: − + − + − + − ! rowspan=2 |Central+ − − + − + + + − + + + + + − + − + + + + + + + + + + + − + − + − |align="center"|ɤ, ɤ: − |align="center"|o, o: − |- − !align="left"|Mid Low − |align="center"|ɛ, ɛ:, ɛ̃, ɛ̃: − + + + + − + − + − + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − − The nine-way distinction demonstrated above is generally accepted. However, some scholars (Ladefoged et al. 1998, Gillies 1993) note that the high back unrounded vowel may be merging with [u] and/or [ɤ] in some dialects. − − ===Diphthongs=== − − There are some diphthongs. − − ===Nasality=== − − Some vowels are nasal. − − ===Length=== − − Long vowels are about twice as long as short vowels in the same environment. − + − ! rowspan=2 |[[Labial (definition)|Labial]]+ − + − + − + − + − ! rowspan=2 |[[Velar (definition)|Velar]] − − + − + + + + − + − + − + + − + − + − |align="center"|kʰ, k − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + + − + − |align="center"|f, v − + − + − + − + + + − |align=center|h − + − + − + − + − + − + − + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − + − + − + − − − + + + − |colspan=2 align="center"|j − | − | − |- − |} − − ===Allophones=== − − ===Stops=== − − ====Voicing and Aspiration==== − − ===Sonorants=== − − − {| class="wikitable" − ! rowspan=1 | − ! rowspan=1 |Tense − ! rowspan=1 |Lax − |- − !align="left"|Broad − |align="center"|L − |align="center"|l − |- − !align="left"|Slender − |align="center"|L' − |align="center"|l' − ===Consonant distribution=== − − + − + + + + − + + +
Added link to Íiyisíí Naaltsoos
Here is an introduction to the sound system of Navajo.
Here is an introduction to the phonemic sound system of Navajo, in the Navajo orthography and International Phonetic Alphabet (in backslashes).
==Vowels==
==Vowels==
===Inventory===
===[[Monophthongs]]===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; border="1" cellpadding="3"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; border="1" cellpadding="3"
! rowspan=2 |
! rowspan=2 |
! rowspan=2 |Front
! colspan="4" |[[Monophthongs#Front|Front]]
! colspan="4" |[[Monophthongs#Back|Back]]
! colspan=2 |Back
|-
|-
!Unrounded
! colspan="2" |Oral
!Rounded
! colspan="2" |Nasal
! colspan="2" |Oral
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|-
|-
!align="left"|High
!align="left"|High
|align="center"|i, i:, ĩ, ĩ:
|[[Monophthongs#i .2F.C9.AA.2F|i /i/]]
|[[Monophthongs#ii .2Fi.CB.90.2F|ii /iː/]]
|[[Monophthongs#.C4.AF .2F.C9.AA.CC.83.2F|į /ɪ̃/]]
|[[Monophthongs#.C4.AF .2F.C4.A9.CB.90.2F|įį /ĩː/]]
| align="center" |
|
|
|align="center"|ɯ, ɯ:, ɯ̃, ɯ̃:
| align="center" |
|align="center"|u, u:, ũ, ũ:
|
|-
! align="left" |Mid
|[[Monophthongs#e .2Fe.2F|e /e/]]
|[[Monophthongs#e .2Fe.CB.90.2F|e /eː/]]
|[[Monophthongs#.C4.99 .2F.E1.BA.BD.2F|ę /ẽ/]]
|[[Monophthongs#.C4.99.C4.99 .2F.E1.BA.BD.CB.90.2F|ęę /ẽː/]]
|[[Monophthongs#o .2Fo.2F|o /o/]]
|[[Monophthongs#oo .2Fo.CB.90.2F|oo /oː/]]
| align="center" |[[Monophthongs#.C7.AB .2F.C3.B5.2F|ǫ /õ/]]
|[[Monophthongs#.C7.AB.C7.AB .2F.C3.B5.CB.90.2F|ǫǫ /õː/]]
|-
|-
!align="left"|Mid High
! align="left" |Low
|align="center"|e, e:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|align="center"|ɔ, ɔ:, ɔ̃, ɔ̃:
|[[Monophthongs#a .2F.C9.91.2F|a /ɑ/]]
|[[Monophthongs#aa .2F.C9.91.CB.90.2F|aa /ɑː/]]
|[[Monophthongs#.C4.85 .2F.C9.91.CC.83.2F|ą /ɑ̃/]]
|[[Monophthongs#.C4.85.C4.85 .2F.C9.91.CC.83.CB.90.2F|ąą /ɑ̃ː/]]
|-
|-
!align="left"|High
|}
|
|align="center"|a, a:, ã, ã:
===[[Diphthongs]]===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; border=" cellpadding="3" 1"
! rowspan="2" |
![[Diphthongs#Front|Front]]
! colspan="2" |[[Diphthongs#Back|Back]]
|-
!Vɪ̯
!Vɪ̯
!Vo̯
|-
! align="left" |High
|
|
| rowspan="2" align="center" |[[Diphthongs#oi .2F.CA.8A.C9.AA.CC.AF.2F|oi /ʊɪ̯/]]
| align="center" |
|-
! align="left" |Mid
|[[Diphthongs#ei .2Fe.C9.AA.CC.AF.2F|ei /eɪ̯/]]
| align="center" |
|-
! align="left" |Low
|
|
|[[Diphthongs#ai .2F.C9.91.C9.AA.CC.AF.2F|ai /ɑɪ̯/]]
|[[Diphthongs#ao .2F.C9.91o.CC.AF.2F|ao /ɑo̯/]]
|-
|-
|}
|}
==Consonants==
==Consonants==
===Inventory===
===Inventory===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; border="1" cellpadding="3"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; border="1" cellpadding="3"
! rowspan=2 |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan=2 |Bilabial
! rowspan=2 |[[Dental (definition)|Dental]]
! colspan="3" |Alveolar
! rowspan=2 |[[Alveolar (definition)|Alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" |Palatal
! colspan=2 |[[Palatal (definition)|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" |Velar
! rowspan=2 |[[Velarized (definition)|Velarized]]
! rowspan=2 |Glottal
! rowspan=2 |[[Glottal (definition)|Glottal]]
|-
|-
!Coronal
!Plain
!Dorsal
!Lateral
!Affricate
!Plain
!Labialized
|-
|-
!align="left"|[[Stop (definition)|Stop]]
! colspan="2" align="left" |[[Nasal]]
|align="center"|pʰ, p
|align="center"|[[Nasal#m .2Fm.2F|m /m/]]
|align="center"|t̪ʰ, t̪
|align="center"|[[Nasal#m .2Fm.2F|n /n/]]
|
|
|
|align="center"|tʲʰ, tʲ
|align="center"|
|align="center"|kʲʰ, kʲ
|align="center"|
|
|
|-
|-
!align="left"|[[Nasal (definition)|Nasal]]
! rowspan="3" |[[Stop]]
|align="center"|m
!Unaspirated
|
|[[Stop#b .2Fp.2F|b /p/]]
|align="center"|n
|[[Stop#d .2Ft.2F|d /t/]]
|align="center"|ɲ
|[[Stop#dl .2Ft.C9.AC.2F|dl /tɬ/]]
|
|[[Stop#dz .2F.CA.A6.2F|dz /ʦ/]]
|align="center"|nˠ
|[[Stop#j .2F.CA.A7.2F|j /ʧ/]]
|
|[[Stop#g .2Fk.2F|g /k/]]
|
|
|[[Stop#.CA.BC .2F.CA.94.2F|ʼ /ʔ/]]
|-
|-
!align="left"|[[Fricative (definition)|Fricative]]
!Aspirated
|
|
|align="center"|s
|[[Stop#t .2Ft.CB.A3.2F|t /tˣ/]]
|align="center"|ʃ
|[[Stop#t.C5.82 .2Ft.C9.AC.CA.B0.2F|tł /tɬʰ/]]
|align="center"|ç, ʝ
|[[Stop#ts .2F.CA.A6.CA.B0.2F|ts /ʦʰ/]]
|align="center"|x, ɣ
|[[Stop#ch .2F.CA.A7.CA.B0.2F|ch /ʧʰ/]]
|[[Stop#k .2Fk.CB.A3.2F|k /kˣ/]]
|[[Stop#kw .2Fk.CA.B7.CB.A3.2F|kw /kʷˣ/]]
|
|
|-
|-
!align="left"|[[Lateral (definition)|Lateral]]
!Ejective
|
|
|
|[[Stop#t.CA.BC .2Ft.CA.BC.2F|tʼ /tʼ/]]
|align="center"|l
|[[Stop#t.C5.82.CA.BC .2Ft.C9.AC.CA.BC.2F|tłʼ /tɬʼ/]]
|align="center"|lʲ
|[[Stop#ts.CA.BC .2F.CA.A6.CA.BC.2F|tsʼ /ʦʼ/]]
|
|[[Stop#ch .2F.CA.A7.CA.B0.2F|chʼ /ʧʼ/]]
|align="center"|l̪ˠ
|[[Stop#k.CA.BC .2Fk.CA.BC.2F|kʼ /kʼ/]]
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
!align="left"|[[Rhotic (definition)|Rhotic]]
! rowspan="2" align="left" |[[Fricative]]
!Voiceless
| align="center" |
|[[Fricative#s .2Fs.2F|s /s/]]
|[[Fricative#.C5.82 .2F.C9.AC.2F|ł /ɬ/]]
| align="center" |
| align="center" |[[Fricative#sh .2F.CA.83.2F|sh /ʃ/]]
| align="center" |[[Fricative#h.2C x .2Fx.2F|h, x /x/]]
|[[Fricative#hw .2Fx.CA.B7.2F|hw /xʷ/]]
| align="center" |
|-
!Voiced
|
|
|[[Fricative#z .2Fz.2F|z /z/]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Approximant#l .2F.C9.AE.7El.2F|l /ɮ~l/]]
|
|
|align="center"|ɾ
|[[Fricative#zh .2F.CA.92.2F|zh /ʒ/]]
|align="center"|ɾʲ
| rowspan="2" |[[Approximant#gh .2F.C9.A3.2F|gh /ɣ/]]
|
| rowspan="2" |[[Approximant#w .2F.C9.A3.CA.B7.7Ew.2F|w /ɣʷ~w/]]
|align="center"|rˠ
|
|
|
|-
|-
!align="left"|[[Approximant (definition)|Approximant]]
! colspan="2" align="left" |[[Approximant]]
|
|
|
|
| align="center" |
| align="center" |[[Approximant#y .2Fj.2F|y /j/]]
|
|
|-
|-
|}
|}
==See Also==
==See Also==
Return to: [[Main Page]], [[Íiyisíí Naaltsoos]]
==External Links==
==External Links==
*http://www.sas.rochester.edu/lin/DeneSpeechAtlas/
*[http://www.sas.rochester.edu/lin/DeneSpeechAtlas/ Dene Speech Atlas | Joyce McDonough (rochester.edu)]
*[[wikipedia:Navajo_phonology|Navajo phonology - Wikipedia]]
*[http://emeld.org/school/case/navajo/phonology.html E-MELD School of Best Practice: Navajo Phonology (emeld.org)]
*[https://www.swarthmore.edu/SocSci/tfernal1/nla/grammar/Chapter%20%202%20%20The%20Sounds.pdf Navajo Grammar, Chapter 2: The Sounds (swarthmore.edu)]
*
*
==References==
==References==
- Dene Speech Atlas
McDonough, Joyce Mary. 2003. ''The Navajo Sound System''. Boston: Springer Science & Business Media. (https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-94-010-0207-3)
McDonough, Joyce. 2014. Dene Speech Atlas. ''University of Rochester, Department of Linguistics''. (http://www.sas.rochester.edu/lin/DeneSpeechAtlas/)
[[Category: Phonology]]
[[Category: Phonology]]
[[Category: Phonetics]]
[[Category: Phonetics]]