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Line 57: − + − + − + − + − − Subtitle. − + − ! rowspan=2 |Labial+ − + − + − + − − ! rowspan=2 |Velar − + − + + + + − + − + − + + − |align="center"| − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + + − + − |align="center"| − + − + − + − + + + − |align=center| − + − + − + − + − + − + − + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − + − + − + − − − + − | − | − | − |colspan=2 align="center"| + + − Subtitle. + − + + + + − + + +
Added link to Íiyisíí Naaltsoos
Here is an introduction to the sound system of Navajo.
Here is an introduction to the phonemic sound system of Navajo, in the Navajo orthography and International Phonetic Alphabet (in backslashes).
==Vowels==
==Vowels==
===Inventory (Monophthongs)===
===[[Monophthongs]]===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; border="1" cellpadding="3"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; border="1" cellpadding="3"
! rowspan=2 |
! rowspan=2 |
! colspan="4" |Front
! colspan="4" |[[Monophthongs#Front|Front]]
! colspan="4" |Back
! colspan="4" |[[Monophthongs#Back|Back]]
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Oral
! colspan="2" |Oral
|-
|-
!align="left"|High
!align="left"|High
|ɪ
|[[Monophthongs#i .2F.C9.AA.2F|i /i/]]
|iː
|[[Monophthongs#ii .2Fi.CB.90.2F|ii /iː/]]
|ɪ̃
|[[Monophthongs#.C4.AF .2F.C9.AA.CC.83.2F|į /ɪ̃/]]
|ĩː
|[[Monophthongs#.C4.AF .2F.C4.A9.CB.90.2F|įį /ĩː/]]
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
|
|
|-
|-
! align="left" |Mid
! align="left" |Mid
|e
|[[Monophthongs#e .2Fe.2F|e /e/]]
|eː
|[[Monophthongs#e .2Fe.CB.90.2F|e /eː/]]
|ẽ
|[[Monophthongs#.C4.99 .2F.E1.BA.BD.2F|ę /ẽ/]]
|ẽː
|[[Monophthongs#.C4.99.C4.99 .2F.E1.BA.BD.CB.90.2F|ęę /ẽː/]]
|o
|[[Monophthongs#o .2Fo.2F|o /o/]]
|oː
|[[Monophthongs#oo .2Fo.CB.90.2F|oo /oː/]]
| align="center" |õ
| align="center" |[[Monophthongs#.C7.AB .2F.C3.B5.2F|ǫ /õ/]]
|õː
|[[Monophthongs#.C7.AB.C7.AB .2F.C3.B5.CB.90.2F|ǫǫ /õː/]]
|-
|-
! align="left" |Low
! align="left" |Low
|
|
|
|
|ɑ
|[[Monophthongs#a .2F.C9.91.2F|a /ɑ/]]
|ɑː
|[[Monophthongs#aa .2F.C9.91.CB.90.2F|aa /ɑː/]]
|ɑ̃
|[[Monophthongs#.C4.85 .2F.C9.91.CC.83.2F|ą /ɑ̃/]]
|ɑ̃ː
|[[Monophthongs#.C4.85.C4.85 .2F.C9.91.CC.83.CB.90.2F|ąą /ɑ̃ː/]]
|-
|-
|}
|}
===[[Diphthongs]]===
===Diphthongs===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; border=" cellpadding="3" 1"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; border=" cellpadding="3" 1"
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |
!Front
![[Diphthongs#Front|Front]]
! colspan="2" |Back
! colspan="2" |[[Diphthongs#Back|Back]]
|-
|-
!Vɪ̯
!Vɪ̯
! align="left" |High
! align="left" |High
|
|
| rowspan="2" align="center" |oɪ̯
| rowspan="2" align="center" |[[Diphthongs#oi .2F.CA.8A.C9.AA.CC.AF.2F|oi /ʊɪ̯/]]
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
|-
|-
! align="left" |Mid
! align="left" |Mid
|eɪ̯
|[[Diphthongs#ei .2Fe.C9.AA.CC.AF.2F|ei /eɪ̯/]]
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
|-
|-
! align="left" |Low
! align="left" |Low
|
|
|ɑɪ̯
|[[Diphthongs#ai .2F.C9.91.C9.AA.CC.AF.2F|ai /ɑɪ̯/]]
|ɑo̯
|[[Diphthongs#ao .2F.C9.91o.CC.AF.2F|ao /ɑo̯/]]
|-
|-
|}
|}
==Consonants==
==Consonants==
===Inventory===
===Inventory===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; border="1" cellpadding="3"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; border="1" cellpadding="3"
! rowspan=2 |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan=2 |Bilabial
! rowspan=2 |Dental
! colspan="3" |Alveolar
! rowspan=2 |Alveolar
! rowspan="2" |Palatal
! colspan=2 |Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! rowspan=2 |Velarized
! rowspan=2 |Glottal
! rowspan=2 |Glottal
|-
|-
!Coronal
!Plain
!Dorsal
!Lateral
!Affricate
!Plain
!Labialized
|-
|-
!align="left"|Stop
! colspan="2" align="left" |[[Nasal]]
|align="center"|
|align="center"|[[Nasal#m .2Fm.2F|m /m/]]
|align="center"|
|align="center"|[[Nasal#m .2Fm.2F|n /n/]]
|
|
|
|align="center"|
|align="center"|
|align="center"|
|align="center"|
|
|
|-
|-
!align="left"|Nasal
! rowspan="3" |[[Stop]]
|align="center"|
!Unaspirated
|
|[[Stop#b .2Fp.2F|b /p/]]
|align="center"|
|[[Stop#d .2Ft.2F|d /t/]]
|align="center"|
|[[Stop#dl .2Ft.C9.AC.2F|dl /tɬ/]]
|
|[[Stop#dz .2F.CA.A6.2F|dz /ʦ/]]
|align="center"|
|[[Stop#j .2F.CA.A7.2F|j /ʧ/]]
|
|[[Stop#g .2Fk.2F|g /k/]]
|
|
|[[Stop#.CA.BC .2F.CA.94.2F|ʼ /ʔ/]]
|-
|-
!align="left"|Fricative
!Aspirated
|
|
|align="center"|
|[[Stop#t .2Ft.CB.A3.2F|t /tˣ/]]
|align="center"|
|[[Stop#t.C5.82 .2Ft.C9.AC.CA.B0.2F|tł /tɬʰ/]]
|align="center"|
|[[Stop#ts .2F.CA.A6.CA.B0.2F|ts /ʦʰ/]]
|align="center"|
|[[Stop#ch .2F.CA.A7.CA.B0.2F|ch /ʧʰ/]]
|[[Stop#k .2Fk.CB.A3.2F|k /kˣ/]]
|[[Stop#kw .2Fk.CA.B7.CB.A3.2F|kw /kʷˣ/]]
|
|
|-
|-
!align="left"|Lateral
!Ejective
|
|
|
|[[Stop#t.CA.BC .2Ft.CA.BC.2F|tʼ /tʼ/]]
|align="center"|
|[[Stop#t.C5.82.CA.BC .2Ft.C9.AC.CA.BC.2F|tłʼ /tɬʼ/]]
|align="center"|
|[[Stop#ts.CA.BC .2F.CA.A6.CA.BC.2F|tsʼ /ʦʼ/]]
|
|[[Stop#ch .2F.CA.A7.CA.B0.2F|chʼ /ʧʼ/]]
|align="center"|
|[[Stop#k.CA.BC .2Fk.CA.BC.2F|kʼ /kʼ/]]
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
!align="left"|Rhotic
! rowspan="2" align="left" |[[Fricative]]
!Voiceless
| align="center" |
|[[Fricative#s .2Fs.2F|s /s/]]
|[[Fricative#.C5.82 .2F.C9.AC.2F|ł /ɬ/]]
| align="center" |
| align="center" |[[Fricative#sh .2F.CA.83.2F|sh /ʃ/]]
| align="center" |[[Fricative#h.2C x .2Fx.2F|h, x /x/]]
|[[Fricative#hw .2Fx.CA.B7.2F|hw /xʷ/]]
| align="center" |
|-
!Voiced
|
|
|[[Fricative#z .2Fz.2F|z /z/]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Approximant#l .2F.C9.AE.7El.2F|l /ɮ~l/]]
|
|
|align="center"|
|[[Fricative#zh .2F.CA.92.2F|zh /ʒ/]]
|align="center"|
| rowspan="2" |[[Approximant#gh .2F.C9.A3.2F|gh /ɣ/]]
|
| rowspan="2" |[[Approximant#w .2F.C9.A3.CA.B7.7Ew.2F|w /ɣʷ~w/]]
|align="center"|
|
|
|
|-
|-
!align="left"|Approximant
! colspan="2" align="left" |[[Approximant]]
|
|
|
|
| align="center" |
| align="center" |[[Approximant#y .2Fj.2F|y /j/]]
|
|
|-
|-
|}
|}
==See Also==
==See Also==
Return to: [[Main Page]], [[Íiyisíí Naaltsoos]]
==External Links==
==External Links==
*http://www.sas.rochester.edu/lin/DeneSpeechAtlas/
*[http://www.sas.rochester.edu/lin/DeneSpeechAtlas/ Dene Speech Atlas | Joyce McDonough (rochester.edu)]
*[[wikipedia:Navajo_phonology|Navajo phonology - Wikipedia]]
*[http://emeld.org/school/case/navajo/phonology.html E-MELD School of Best Practice: Navajo Phonology (emeld.org)]
*[https://www.swarthmore.edu/SocSci/tfernal1/nla/grammar/Chapter%20%202%20%20The%20Sounds.pdf Navajo Grammar, Chapter 2: The Sounds (swarthmore.edu)]
*
*
==References==
==References==
- Dene Speech Atlas
McDonough, Joyce Mary. 2003. ''The Navajo Sound System''. Boston: Springer Science & Business Media. (https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-94-010-0207-3)
McDonough, Joyce. 2014. Dene Speech Atlas. ''University of Rochester, Department of Linguistics''. (http://www.sas.rochester.edu/lin/DeneSpeechAtlas/)
[[Category: Phonology]]
[[Category: Phonology]]
[[Category: Phonetics]]
[[Category: Phonetics]]